Early Settlement in the Philippines

Early Settlements

Archaeological evidence suggests that the Philippines may have been inhabited many thousands of years before then, but that can't be stated with certainty. The oldest human fossil found so far is 22,000 years old.) Little is known of the early human settlement of the Philippines. Scientific evidence remains inconclusive. There is much written on the Austronesian peoples of the Southeast Asia area and their descendants. These peoples were the seafaring people who traveled to distant parts of the world during this period of history.

The Pleistocene Epoch

It is generally accepted that the first significant human settlement occurred sometime during the most recent ice age. At that time, 300 000 yrs. ago ,sea levels were lower, creating land bridges that connected the Southeast Asian mainland to some of the present-day islands of the Malay Archipelago, south of the Philippine Islands.

Paleolithic hunters from the mainland are said to have followed herds of wild animals across these land bridges, later finding their way to the Philippine Islands.

Aeta and Agta tribes

These people, ancestors, continue to be primarily hunters and food gatherers, much as their ancestors were thousands of years ago. They are one of the world’s few remaining populations of Pygmies, who are characterized by shorter-than-average height. The Spanish colonizers of the 16th century called them Negritos, a term that is still widely used today.

About 3000 B.C.

People of Malay and Indonesian descent, who now make up the majority of the population, are believed to have settled in the Philippines in several waves of migration after the 3rd century BC. Their languages developed independently because they settled in widely scattered villages, or balangay. Each balangay included from 30 to 100 families and was ruled by a datu, or chieftain. The economy was one of subsistence, with each village producing most of what it needed, and land was held in common. The villagers engaged in both shifting (slash-and-burn) and settled agriculture. Religion was animistic, or based on the worship of ancestors and other spirits, such as nature deities.

1300s A.D.

Extensive trade is being conducted with India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. Arab traders from Indonesia introduce Islam to the Filipinos.

Communities in the islands eventually established trade contacts with states in East and Southeast Asia, particularly China. By the 12th century ad the powerful Sumatra-based Malay kingdom of Sri Vijaya had extended its considerable influence to the Philippines. In the 14th century traders and settlers from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo introduced Islam to the southern islands of the Sulu Archipelago. In the 15th century Islam was established on the island of Mindanao. By the 16th century the islands had several Muslim principalities, including one in the Manila area of Luzon. However, no major political entity—kingdom, sultanate, or empire—was established in the islands until the imposition of Spanish rule in the 16th century.

Trading Centers

In the period between the 7th century to the beginning of the 1400s, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay, , the Rajahnate of Cebu, the Confederation of Panay, the Rajahnate of Butuan, the Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdoms of Zabag and Wak-Wak situated in Pampangaand Aparri (which specialized in trade with Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa).

Intramuros: Then and Now

Before the Spanish

The site of Intramuros was originally a large and prosperous Malayan Muslim settlement named Maynilad. The name came from may nilad,
nilad being a water plant whose star-shaped flowers clustered in abundance along the low-lying riverbanks. The strategic location of
Maynilad, being on the Pasig River and the Manila Bay, made it an ideal location for the locals to trade crafts and produce with other
peoples of then pre-Hispanic Philippines and other Asian countries, especially with Chinese merchants. Maynilad was also the seat of power
for native chiefs that ruled the area before the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil.

Spanish Rule

In 1565, Spanish conquistadors led by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi began to set foot on Maynilad. Legaspi and his men waged clashes with
the natives before they were able to finally establish themselves in the area and have a peace agreement with the local leaders, who, in
turn, turned over Maynilad to the Spanish. Citing the strategic economic, political and military importance of Manila, Legaspi promptly
declared Manila as the capital of the then new Spanish colony of the Philippines on June 24, 1571. The King of Spain, delighted at the new
conquest done by Legaspi and his men, awarded Manila a coat of arms and declared it Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad ("Distinguished and
ever loyal city"). Planning in the City of Manila was first manifested in the Spanish period plan for Intramuros, which was based on King
Philip II's Royal Ordinance issued on July 3, 1573 in San Lorenzo, Spain.

Intramuros served as the center of political, military and religious power of the Spaniards during the time that the Philippines was a colony
of Spain. Inside Intramuros were Roman Catholic churches, like the Manila Cathedral and the San Agustin Church , and convents and
church-run schools, which were usually being run by religious orders such as the Dominicans, Augustinians and Franciscans; the Governor's
Palace, the official residence of the Spanish governor-general to the Philippines before it was officially moved to Malacañang Palace.
Malacanang Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines. The palace is located along the north bank of the
Pasig River in Manila. It is called Palasyo ng Malakanyang in Filipino, and is depicted on the verso (back) side of the 20-; and Fort
Santiago.. A defence fortress built by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Originally, it stoods the palisade of Rajah Soliman, chieftain of Maynilad.
Located at the mouth of the Pasig River, it was once the primer defence fort of the Spanish Empire in the Philippines. It was, the main
Spanish garrison in the archipelago where martyr Jose Rizal was once held by Spanish authorities. Only Spaniards were allowed inside
Intramuros; the natives and Chinese residents were only limited by the Spanish authorities to live outside the walls of Intramuros.

World War II

During World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority
of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. The war was fough,
Intramuros was used by the Japan (Nippon/Nihon literally "the origin of the sun") is a country in East Asia situated on a chain of
islands east of the Asian continent on the western edge of the Pacific Ocean. The largest of these islands are, from north to south,
Hokkaido , Honshese as their garrison and prison and was severely damaged, along with most parts of Manila, during the Allied bombings
to liberate the city from Japanese occupation.

Present Day

At present, Intramuros is the only district of Manila where old Spanish-era influences were retained. Much of the development of present-
day Manila occurred outside the gates of Intramuros, leaving the old walls, streets and churches of Intramuros minimally untouched by
modernization. The old moats that surrounded Intramuros have been transformed into a golf course where locals and foreign nationals play
the sport. The garrison that was Fort Santiago is now a tourist spot where visitors could see how Manila was like during the Spanish Era. The
old cobblestone streets of Intramuros are now sites for cafes that cater to a variety of clientele and cultural presentations that feature native
Filipino heritage.

Popular Historical Sites

San Agustin Church and Museum
The only structure that survived WWII in Intramuros, the San Agustin Church is the oldest in the Philippines. It was built in the 16th century and is still in active use to this day. It also houses a museum that includes a collection of religious icons and treasures of old Manila.

Fort Santiago
This military fortification used to be the seat of government during the Spanish times. It is now designated as a shrine in honor of the national hero Dr. Jose Rizal. It was in this fort where he was held before he faced the firing squad in nearby Luneta. In fact you can trace his final footsteps cast in brass at Fort Santiago.

Rizal Shrine
The building where Dr. Rizal was held has been converted into a museum that houses the national hero’s memorabilia. Among these are a piece of his vertebrae, the first draft of Noli Me Tangere and the original manuscript of Mi Ultimo Adios.

Manila Cathedral
The cathedral that is the current seat of the Manila Archbishop was reconstructed in 1951. The current Romanesque structure is the 6th church to be built on this site after a succession of earthquakes, fires and battles that destroyed the previous structures.

Casa Manila
A faithfully restored Spanish home that showcases the artifacts of a typical home in the Spanish times. It was a project of the former first lady Imelda Marcos.

Inside Intramuros are several historical sites that a visitor to the Philippines should not miss, the Manila Cathedral Church, the San Agustin Church, and Fort Santiago.

• The Manila Cathedral, also known as the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, is the fifth stone church of the Philippines. It is literally a time narrative, from ruins and ravages to rising and restorations. Although it has been ruined and reconstructed several times, the church still remains as one of the tour highlights in any trip to Intramuros. When viewed from above, the Manila Cathedral appears as a giant cross.
• The San Agustin church is the oldest stone church in the Philippines. Built in 1599, it was also destroyed and rebuilt several times. It is the first European stone church to be built in the Philippines, designed in Spanish architectural structure. The church also houses the remains of the Spanish rulers, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, Juan de Salcedo and Martin de Goiti who are buried and laid to rest in a tomb, underneath the church. It is an immense structure of thick walls of Corinthian and Ionic design.
• Fort Santiago used to be the seat of the colonial powers of both Spain and the U.S. It was also a dreaded prison under the Spanish regime and the scene of countless military police atrocities during the Japanes occupation. Here, too, Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, spent his last hours before his execution on Bagumbayan. (now Rizal Park).

For most Filipinos, Intramuros is not just an old city, it is living history. And although it may not have been preserved the way it should have rightfully been, Intramuros still is an important landmark in Philippine history.

Bill of Rights

BILL OF RIGHTS

} A declaration and enumeration of the individual rights and privileges which the Constitution is designed to protect against encroachments by the government or by individual or groups of individual.

} It is a charter of liberties for the individual and a limitation upon the power of the State.

Classes of rights

1.Natural rights

Possessed by every citizens without being granted by the state for they are conferred upon him by God as a human being so that he may live a happy life.

Right to life and right to love

2.Constitutional rights

Rights conferred and protected by the Constitution. Since they are part of the fundamental law, they cannot be modified or taken away by the law making body.

Classification

1.POLITICAL RIGHTS – rights of the citizens which give them the power to participate, directly or indirectly, in the establishment or administration of the government.

· Right of citizenship

· Right of suffrage

· Right to information on matters of public concern

2.CIVIL RIGHTS – rights which the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the purpose of securing to them the enjoyment of their means of happiness.

· aFreedom of speech, freedom of expression,

3.SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS – rights which are intended to insure the well being and economic security of the individual.

· Right to property

· Right to just compensation for property taken for public use.

· RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSSED – rights intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime.

· Right to presumption of the innocence

· Right to speedy, impartial and public trial

· Rights which are provided by laws promulgated by the law making body and consequently may be abolished by the same body.

· Right to receive a minimum wage

· Right to inherent property

3.Statutory rights

Constitutional rights of the accused in criminal cases

1. the right to adequate legal assistance

2. the right, when under investigation for the commission of an offense, to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have counsel

3. the right against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means which vitiates the free will

4. the right against being held in secret, incommunicado, or similar forms of solitary detention

5. the right to bail and against excessive bail

6. the right to due process of law

7. the right to presumption of innocence

8. the right to be heard by himself and counsel

9. the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him

10. the right to have a speedy public trial

11. the right to be confronted by the accuser

12. the right to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf

13. the right against self-incrimination

14. the right against detention by reason of political beliefs and aspirations

15. the right against cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment

16. the right against infliction of the death penalty except for heinous crimes

17. the right against double jeopardy

MIRANDA RIGHTS

You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you. Do you understand these rights as they have been read to you?”

Although the absolute prohibition of torture and ill-treatment under international law is affirmed in the Philippine Constitution, torture has not yet been defined as a crime in the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.

Therefore, although the prohibition is now protected in the Constitution, no one can be prosecuted for acts of torture until a law is passed by the legislature and the law becomes part of the Penal Code.

At present, victims of torture and their lawyers may file cases on maltreatment, physical injuries, grave coercion, mutilation, administering injurious substances or beverages and rape which are crimes under the Revised Penal Code

Torture usually happened immediately after arrest or abduction, often at night or at a place where there are few or no witnesses.

The arresting officers may be in civilian clothes or in uniform but without nametags.

Most often, they do not have the necessary warrant of arrest. They merely "invite" the victim for questioning.

It was noted in a survey done on 309 inmates in 5 jails in Metro Manila that more common than warrant less arrests is the failure of arresting officers to inform suspects of their rights

they are handcuffed and taken for investigation.

Sec 13

Reclusión perpetua
(Spanish, from Latin: reclusio perpetua, meaning "permanent imprisonment

Reclusión perpetua is prescribed on crimes punishable by the Revised Penal Code, while life imprisonment is imposed on offences punishable by Special Laws.

Reclusión perpetua carries the "accessory penalty" where, as defined by Philippine Law, guilty parties suffer lifetime barring from holding political office. Life imprisonment does not carry this penalty.

Reclusión perpetua does not allow pardon or parole until after the first 30 years of the sentence have been served; after 40 years without pardon or parole, the sentence ends. Life imprisonment does not have any definite extent or duration of imprisonment, and prisoners serving life imprisonment can have parole at any time.

Unlike life imprisonment, the length of a sentence for reclusión perpetua is an indivisible penalty of 40 years and cannot be altered during sentencing.

BAIL

Traditionally, bail is some form of property deposited or pledged to a court to persuade it to release a suspect from jail, on the understanding that the suspect will return for trial or forfeit the bail (and possibly be brought up on charges of the crime of failure to appear). In some cases bail money may be returned at the end of the trial, if all court appearances are made, no matter whether the person is found guilty or not guilty of the crime accused.

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

Habeas corpus (Pronounced - Hay-b-as Kohr-pus)

(Latin: You (shall) have the body^[1])

is a legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from their unlawful detention or that of another person. It protects individuals from harming themselves or from being harmed by the judicial system. Of English origin, the writ of habeas corpus has historically been an important instrument for the safeguarding of individual freedom against arbitrary state action.

A writ of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, also known as "The Great Writ", is a summons with the force of a court order addressed to the custodian (such as a prison official) demanding that a prisoner be brought before the court, together with proof of authority, allowing the court to determine whether that custodian has lawful authority to hold that person; if not, the person shall be released from custody. The prisoner, or another person on his behalf (for example, where the prisoner is being held incommunicado), may petition the court or an individual judge for a writ of habeas corpus.

The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus has long been celebrated as the most efficient safeguard of the liberty of the subject. The British jurist Albert Venn Dicey wrote that the Habeas Corpus Acts "declare no principle and define no rights, but they are for practical purposes worth a hundred constitutional articles guaranteeing individual liberty." In most countries, however, the procedure of habeas corpus can be suspended in time of national emergency. In most civil law jurisdictions, comparable provisions exist, but they may not be called "habeas corpus."

The writ of habeas corpus is one of what are called the "extraordinary", "common law", or "prerogative writs", which were historically issued by the courts in the name of the monarch to control inferior courts and public authorities within the kingdom. The most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto, prohibito, mandamus, procedendo, and certiorari. When the original 13 American Colonies declared independence and became a constitutional republic in which the people are the sovereign, any person, in the name of the people, acquired authority to initiate such writs.

Malolos Contitution

Malolos Constitution

In accordance with the decrees of June 18 and 23, 1898, Aguinaldo convoked the Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos. Peace and order conditions in some provinces were such that Aguinaldo was compelled to appoint their delegates to Congress. Consequently, on September 4, he appointed fifty delegates to the Congress. This number was increased by ten on September 10. The number of delegates to the Congress fluctuated from time to time.

The first significant act of the Congress was the ratification on September 29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit on June 12, 1898.

A committee to draft the constitution was created with Felipe G. Calderon as its most prominent member. Having set Mabini's Constitutional Program aside, the committee under the influence of Calderon, also set aside, but in a subtle manner, Paterno's constitutional plan, which smelled strongly of the Spanish Constitution of 1869. With the advise of Cayetano Arellano, a brilliant but unreconstructed mestizo, Calderon drew up his plans for a constitution, deriving inspiration from the constitutions of Mexico, Belgium, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil and France. In the session of Oct 8, Calderon presented the draft of this constitution.

BARASOAIN, the twentieth of January, 1899.

The President of the Congress
PEDRO A. PATERNO

The Vice-President

Benito Legarda

The Secretaries
PABLO TECSON
PABLO OCAMPO

President of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.

Captain General and Commander-in-Chief of its Army

D. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy

Table of Titles

1. The Republic
2. The Government
3. Religion
4. The Filipinos and Their National and Individual Rights
5. The Legislative Power
6. The Permanent Commission
7. The Executive Power
8. The President of the Republic
9. The Secretaries of Government
10. The Judicial Power
11. Provincial and Popular Assemblies
12. Administration of the State
13. Amendment of the Constitution
14. Constitutional Observance, Oath, and Language

Exerice and Diabetes

Check your heart rate, begin again-1-2-3-4…Everyone should make time in their schedules for working out, but for the diabetic, it can make all the difference. Exercise has many diabetic benefits.

If you have Type 2 diabetes, regular exercise plus a healthy diet may allow you to control your diabetes without the use of shots or oral medication.

BEFORE AN EXERCISE:

Schedule an appointment with your doctor or exercise physiologist for best guide about the type of exercises that are good for him

Be aware of your blood glucose level-before, during and after your work out.

Be sure you have a healthy source of carbohydrates with you—raisins, glucose gel tablets, etc…-just in case your blood sugar level becomes too low.

Warm up and cool down every time you exercise

Stay hydrated!

Carry diabetes ID and, if possible, a cell phone

Wear comfortable clothing

Check your feet for redness, cuts or open sores—this is especially important for exercising when you have diabetes.

Find an accountability partner

Mix it up! Maybe do aerobics 2x a week, go swimming one day, and work out at the gym 2 days. This way you won’t get bored with the same old same old.

Set long range and short range goals.

Reward yourself-do something special when you reach one of your goals.

Keep records. Pay attention to the way your clothes fit, how much medication you take, and how much more energy you have.

PRECAUTIONS:

Exercise when your BG level is high—usually 1-3 hours after eating

When your insulin is up, don’t exercise. Remember, exercise speeds blood flow which affects the rate at which insulin works.

Check your blood glucose twice, 30 minute apart, before starting your workout.If you feel a blood glucose reaction beginning, stop immediately, exercising as a diabetic needs to be

WHY EXERCISE?

increases the body efficiency, because it increases the tissue sensitivity to Insulin in patients suffering from Type-2 Diabetes.

increases the demand of muscles for glucose.

lowers the blood sugar level

burns calories,lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.

improve circulation, especially in the arms and legs

Brisk walk is an activity almost everyone can do.

can possibly reduce the amount of medication we need to treat diabetes or even eliminate the need for medication.

provides us relief from stress w/c raises blood sugar levels.

can help reduce the cholesterol of diabetics-reduce risk for heart disease

no hardening of arteries occurs, if a diabetic person performs regular exercise.

Person should keep in mind that exercise should put undue stress on his feet.

walking, swimming or bicycling must be the appropriate choices. WALKING WINS

avoid activities like running or jumping that could injure his feet.

Person should be alert for blisters. If a patient has foot problem, then he should choose swimming or biking rather than jogging because it is easier on the foot.

diving, parachuting and mountain climbing are not recommended for people with diabetes.

LISTEN TO YOUR BODY: WHEN NOT TO EXERCISE

If the person’s blood sugar level is above 300 mg/dl, then he/she should not exercise.

If a person is ill or suffering from any infection.

The presence of ketone, in the urine, it indicates that our body does not have sufficient quantity of insulin maintain the blood sugar level under normal range.

If the person, experiences, tingling or pain or numbness in his legs

During certain, climatic changes like in extreme, hot or cold weather, , due to cold weather in diabetics skin cracks may occur due to impaired circulation and neuropathy.

If the patient feels dizziness, nausea or short of breath

if he/she suffers from the problem of blurred vision

Be Smart

People who are serious about exercise know there are two key steps to preventing injury and to simply feeling good during exercise. First, you should exercise only as long as you are comfortable, and second, you need to warm up and cool down.

Start slowly and build up. Don't try to do too much too soon. If you've not been physically active, doing too much will make you feel sore and tired, and that may discourage you from continuing. Instead, take a gradual approach, and build up your activity routine as you become fit. A general rule is to increase by no more than 10 percent a week. If, for instance, you're walking for 20 minutes each day, the next week try walking for 22 minutes. Also, use the so-called talk test. If you can't carry on a conversation while you work out, you're probably doing too much.

Warm up, cool down and stretch. To prepare your body for activity and to avoid injury, warm up with 5 to 10 minutes of an easy-does-it activity such as walking or easy bike peddling. Then you may want to stretch gently for 5 to 10 minutes, warming up all the muscle groups. After your workout, repeat with a 5-minute to 10-minute cool-down and stretching session.

Shoot for 30 minutes of exercise a day, if you can. The 30 minutes do not have to be all at once, especially when you're just starting out. You might do three 10-minute sessions of exercise each day at first. Three days a week is the minimum, but you'll see more benefits if you exercise five or six days a week. Aim for at least 150 minutes a week, total, of at least moderate-intensity exercise. "Moderate intensity" means enough to raise your heart rate; you might enjoy a brisk walk, a bike ride or a swim.